question stringlengths 11 194 | answer stringlengths 1 934 | context_chunks list | document_id int64 187 2.68k | id int64 239 5.32k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
What is the length of the replicase gene ORF1ab? | 20.4 kb | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,684 |
What type of coronavirus was detected in R. affinis and R. sinicus species? | BtCoV/Rh/YN2012 | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,683 |
What is a natural reservoir of coronavirus? | Bats | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,675 |
What is the genome size of the coronavirus? | 26-32 kb | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,676 |
What is the structure of the coronavirus? | enveloped, non-segmented, positive-strand RNA viruses | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,677 |
What animals do gamma and delta coronavirus mainly infect? | birds | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,678 |
How many types of coronaviruses are known to cause human disease? | Six | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,679 |
What plays a role in regulating the immune response to a viral infection? | NF-κB | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,685 |
What is the conclusion of the coronavirus long-term surveillance studies? | Rhinolophus bats seem to harbor a wide diversity of CoVs | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,686 |
What is the cause of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)? | FIP virus (FIPV) | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,051 |
What is the molecular structure of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus? | enveloped virus with a nonsegmented, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,052 |
How is FECV detected in cats? | shedding in their faeces | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,053 |
What type of vaccine is used to protect against FIPV infection? | an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,055 |
Why is their controversy surrounding the FIPV vaccine? | the vaccine contains type 2 strain, whereas type 1 viruses are more prevalent in the field | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,056 |
For how long was the denatured polyacrylamide gel polymerized? | 30 minutes | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,057 |
How was the binding strength measured? | nano Isothermal Titration Calorimeter (ITC) | [
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus FIPV , a virulent mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus FECV . Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective.",
"Current treatments and prophylactics are not effective. The in ... | 1,590 | 4,058 |
What was the focus of this study? | the anti-influenza A (H2N2) virus activity of patchouli alcohol | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,070 |
What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target? | NA glycoproteins of influenza A and B virus | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,071 |
What is the function of neuroaminidase in the influenza virus? | cleave the α-ketosidic linkage between terminal sialic acid and an adjacent sugar residue | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,072 |
What is Tamiflu? | NA inhibitor | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,073 |
What was the test for the level of cytotoxicity used in this study? | CC 50 | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,074 |
What method was used to measure the inhibition of viral replication? | MTT method | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,075 |
What was the conclusion of this study? | patchouli alcohol possesses anti-influenza A (H2N2) virus activity | [
"In the present study, the anti-influenza A H2N2 virus activity of patchouli alcohol was studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. The CC. of patchouli alcohol was above 20 µM. Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an IC. of 4.03 ± 0.23 µM.",
"Patchouli alcohol could inhibit influenza virus with an ... | 1,578 | 4,076 |
What statistical tests were used to compare categorical variables? | Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test | [
"Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derive... | 1,584 | 5,211 |
What was a severe limitation of this study? | unable to evaluate the levels of immunomodulators in the serum samples of a control group | [
"Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derive... | 1,584 | 5,212 |
What followup is needed to confirm the results of the current study? | a larger, longitudinal study on the etiology and severity of pneumonia | [
"Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derive... | 1,584 | 5,213 |
What is the conclusion of this study? | mixed respiratory infections and IP-10 may play major, interconnected roles in the pathogenesis of pneumonia | [
"Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derive... | 1,584 | 5,214 |
What suggests that IP-10 plays a significant role on the pathogenesis of pneumonia? | highest serum IP-10 levels | [
"Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derive... | 1,584 | 5,215 |
What cell types help prevent pneumococcal and influenza infection in the lungs? | airway epithelial cells 19 , resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and blood monocytes-derived macrophages | [
"Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derive... | 1,584 | 5,216 |
What is the conclusion of the study? | the marmoset an appropriate animal model for biodefense-related pathogens | [
"The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targe... | 1,587 | 5,230 |
Why makes the marmoset an appropriate animal model for pathogen research? | the small size of marmosets, their immune response to infection that is comparable to humans, and the ability to house more statistically relevant numbers within high containment | [
"The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targe... | 1,587 | 5,231 |
How can the efficacy of DAAs be diminished? | the presence of resistance-associated substitutions | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,895 |
Was is the response rate of the Hepatitis C virus to direct-acting antiviral treatments? | up to 98% | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,896 |
How do nonnucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitors work? | inhibit polymerase activity by allosteric mechanisms | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,897 |
How many patients were studied? | 31 | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,898 |
Was written consent obtained? | was obtained | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,899 |
How much of the RNA template was in the reverse transcription reaction mixture? | 5 μl | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,900 |
How many RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified? | 2 strains out of 25 (8%) | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,901 |
Why is the substitution E62D important in drug resistance? | confers a higher level of resistance than the one achieved by the RAS alone | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,902 |
What are the key factors preventing the elimination of HCV infection in some patients? | baseline and emergent resistance variants | [
"Hepatitis C Virus HCV infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents DAAs . However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions RASs before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infect... | 1,592 | 3,903 |
What is needed to direct genetic mutations in RNA viruses? | Infectious cDNA clones | [
"BACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses CSFVs from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes BACs is described. This strategy allows manipu... | 1,597 | 5,242 |
What is the structure of the pestivirus? | single stranded positive sense RNA genomes | [
"BACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses CSFVs from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes BACs is described. This strategy allows manipu... | 1,597 | 5,243 |
What sequences are critical for the autonomous replication of the pestivirus genome? | 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) | [
"BACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses CSFVs from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes BACs is described. This strategy allows manipu... | 1,597 | 5,244 |
What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein? | nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2 | [
"BACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses CSFVs from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes BACs is described. This strategy allows manipu... | 1,597 | 5,245 |
The BAC differed from the parental cDNA sequence by what amino acid substitutions? | aa | [
"BACKGROUND: Infectious cDNA clones are a prerequisite for directed genetic manipulation of RNA viruses. Here, a strategy to facilitate manipulation and rescue of classical swine fever viruses CSFVs from full-length cDNAs present within bacterial artificial chromosomes BACs is described. This strategy allows manipu... | 1,597 | 5,246 |
How does PEDV spread? | fecal-oral contact | [
"Since the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in May 2013, U.S. swine producers have lost almost five million baby pigs. In an attempt to understand the evolution of PEDV in the United States and possibly develop a control strategy, we compared the genome sequences of a PEDV strain isolated from an in... | 1,603 | 5,266 |
How does PEDV cause illness? | destroys the lining of piglets' intestines | [
"Since the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in May 2013, U.S. swine producers have lost almost five million baby pigs. In an attempt to understand the evolution of PEDV in the United States and possibly develop a control strategy, we compared the genome sequences of a PEDV strain isolated from an in... | 1,603 | 5,267 |
What is the size of the PEDV genome? | 26 to 32 kb | [
"Since the outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in May 2013, U.S. swine producers have lost almost five million baby pigs. In an attempt to understand the evolution of PEDV in the United States and possibly develop a control strategy, we compared the genome sequences of a PEDV strain isolated from an in... | 1,603 | 5,268 |
What is the effect of oseltamivir and zanamivir? | neuraminidase inhibitors | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,236 |
What is Glycyrrhizin? | a triterpene saponine | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,237 |
What is the effect of Glycyrrhizin in viral infections? | interfere with replication and/or cytopathogenic effect (CPE) induction of many viruses | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,238 |
What is another word for hypercytokinaemia? | cytokine storm' | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,239 |
What has been correlated with the pathogenicity of the H5N1 infection? | caspase-dependent apoptosis in airway cells | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,240 |
What is the conclusion of the study? | glycyrrhizin might also serve as lead structure for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,241 |
What is the mean duration of time from single lobe consolidation to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | 2 days | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,240 |
What is the mean duration of time from first positive chest x-ray to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | 4.8 days | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,241 |
What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) induced ARDS? | Persistent high fever, dyspnea and rapid progression to respiratory failure within 2 weeks, together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,242 |
What do we know about the genomics of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | This pathogen was fully characterized by whole-genome sequencing | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,243 |
What are the clinical symptoms of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | Flulike symptoms, such as fever, cough and little sputum, were commonly observed at the onset of illness | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,244 |
What is the mean time from onset of symptoms to dyspnea in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | 5 days | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,245 |
What is the mean time of onset of symptoms to ICU admission in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | 9.6 days | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,246 |
What is the mean rate of respiration upon admission to the ICU when admitted for human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | 43 breaths per minute | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,247 |
What is the white blood cell count in severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | low or in the normal range | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,248 |
What does a chest x-ray look like for a patient with a severe case of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | CXRs revealed multiple bilateral lobar or segment consolidation in the lungs of all five patients, and radiographic lesions progressed rapidly after ICU admission | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,249 |
What are the high resolution pulmonary CT scan findings for patients with severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | Consolidations within a single lobe or several lobes with a clear border and air bronchogram were the most common findings on HRCT scans. Nodules, patches, pleural effusion, abscess and a cavity were also seen visualized by HRCT | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,250 |
Where could a clinician acquire a positive viral sample in severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | All patients had HAdV-55 viremia. In four of the five patients, it was first detected in endotracheal aspirate (ETA) samples | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,251 |
How long did it take for patients with positive human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) endotracheal aspirates to develop a measurable viremia? | 1 to 10 days | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,252 |
Does blood type play a role in the severity of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? | HAdV-55 may cause severe ARDS in immunocompetent young men with blood type B | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,253 |
What are the most common clinical manifestations of severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) induced ARDS? | Persistent high fever, dyspnea and rapid progression to respiratory failure within 2 weeks, together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates at the same time, are the most frequent clinical manifestations | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,254 |
What is the mortality rate of severe ARDS from human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | HAdV-55-induced severe ARDS has a very high mortality rate (80%) despite appropriate respiratory support. | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,255 |
What role does T-cell count play in severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? | a lower T-cell count may be a risk factor for HAdV-55 infection in young adults | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,256 |
How successful are the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in the treatment of severe ARDS from human adenovirus type 55 infection? | we found that severe HAdV-55 infection could cause a rapid progression of respiratory failure, with a very high failure rate for NPPV and IMV | [
"INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 HAdV-55 in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS caused by HAdV-55 requiring invasive me... | 1,604 | 3,257 |
How many patients were analyzed in the study? | Two hundred | [
"INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired pneumonia CAP requires prompt treatment, but its diagnosis is complex. Improvement of bacterial CAP diagnosis by biomarkers has been evaluated using chest X-ray infiltrate as the CAP gold standard, producing conflicting results. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers in ... | 1,599 | 5,252 |
How many patients with community-acquired pneumonia are hospitalized each year? | 600,000 | [
"INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired pneumonia CAP requires prompt treatment, but its diagnosis is complex. Improvement of bacterial CAP diagnosis by biomarkers has been evaluated using chest X-ray infiltrate as the CAP gold standard, producing conflicting results. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers in ... | 1,599 | 5,253 |
What chest X-ray findings are typically indicative of community-acquired pneumonia? | the presence of new parenchymal infiltrates | [
"INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired pneumonia CAP requires prompt treatment, but its diagnosis is complex. Improvement of bacterial CAP diagnosis by biomarkers has been evaluated using chest X-ray infiltrate as the CAP gold standard, producing conflicting results. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers in ... | 1,599 | 5,254 |
What were the aims of this study? | to investigate the different pathogens involved in ILI and describe the associated symptoms | [
"BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness ILI may be caused by a variety of pathogens. Clinical observations are of little help to recognise myxovirus infection and implement appropriate prevention measures. The limited use of molecular tools underestimates the role of other common pathogens.",
"The limited use of mole... | 1,602 | 5,262 |
What network of physicians provides real-time clinical data on the spread of influenza in France? | Réseau Sentinelles | [
"BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness ILI may be caused by a variety of pathogens. Clinical observations are of little help to recognise myxovirus infection and implement appropriate prevention measures. The limited use of molecular tools underestimates the role of other common pathogens.",
"The limited use of mole... | 1,602 | 5,263 |
What are the criteria used to define an influenza-like illness in France? | a sudden fever above 39uC with myalgia and respiratory signs | [
"BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness ILI may be caused by a variety of pathogens. Clinical observations are of little help to recognise myxovirus infection and implement appropriate prevention measures. The limited use of molecular tools underestimates the role of other common pathogens.",
"The limited use of mole... | 1,602 | 5,264 |
What virus was the most common among the H1N1v negative patients? | rhinovirus | [
"BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness ILI may be caused by a variety of pathogens. Clinical observations are of little help to recognise myxovirus infection and implement appropriate prevention measures. The limited use of molecular tools underestimates the role of other common pathogens.",
"The limited use of mole... | 1,602 | 5,265 |
What was the aim of this study? | to elucidate the proximate causes of breeding failure behind the recent decline in productivity in the Spanish Pyrenees | [
"There is increasing concern about the impact of veterinary drugs and livestock pathogens as factors damaging wildlife health, especially of threatened avian scavengers feeding upon medicated livestock carcasses. We conducted a comprehensive study of failed eggs and dead nestlings in bearded vultures Gypaetus barba... | 1,605 | 5,269 |
Where is the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) commonly found? | the Pyrenees | [
"There is increasing concern about the impact of veterinary drugs and livestock pathogens as factors damaging wildlife health, especially of threatened avian scavengers feeding upon medicated livestock carcasses. We conducted a comprehensive study of failed eggs and dead nestlings in bearded vultures Gypaetus barba... | 1,605 | 5,270 |
What was the goal of this study? | to explore the feasibility of DNA vaccination of poultry | [
"BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer th... | 1,608 | 5,285 |
What is the conclusion of this study? | it is possible to develop a multivalent DNA vaccine for poultry that can protect against multiple HPAI H5N1 strains and that could keep pace with the continued evolution of avian influenza viruses | [
"BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer th... | 1,608 | 5,286 |
What is fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FgI2)? | a pro-coagulant protein | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,292 |
What represses murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection? | Fgl2 depletion | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,293 |
What was the goal of this study? | to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10 | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,294 |
What is fulminant hepatitis? | a serious life-threatening disease characterized by massive hepatocyte necrosis | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,295 |
How does Prothrombinase Fgl2 affect the coagulation process? | transforming prothrombin directly into thrombin, | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,296 |
How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken? | 72 h | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,297 |
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of depression? | 50.4% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,459 |
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of anxiety? | [44.6% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,460 |
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of insomnia? | 34.0% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,461 |
What proportion reported distress? | [71.5% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,462 |
What were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores? | among men vs women: 2.0 [0-6.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; P < .001 | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,463 |
What were the Insomnia Severity Index scores ? | among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 [2.0-11.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-8.0]; P < .001 | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,464 |
What were the Impact of Event Scale–Revised scores? | 21.0 [8.5-34.5] vs 18.0 [6.0-28.0] in Hubei outside Wuhan and 15.0 [4.0-26.0] outside Hubei; P < .001). | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,465 |
What were the results of analysis? | participants from outside Hubei province were associated with lower risk of experiencing symptoms of distress compared with those in Wuhan (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88; P = .008) | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,466 |
What were the results of analysis? | Frontline health care workers engaged in direct diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 were associated with a higher risk of symptoms of depression (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11-2.09; P = .01), anxiety (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.22-2.02; P < .001), insomnia (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.92-4.60; P < .001), and distress (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.25-2.04; P < .001). | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,467 |
What are the conclusions of this study? | In this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,468 |
How is Japanese encephalitis transmitted? | arthropod | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , an arthropod-borne flavivirus, is a major cause of acute viral encephalitis in humans. No approved drug is available for the specific treatment of JEV infections, and the available vaccines are not effective against all clinical JEV isolates. In the study described here, a high-th... | 2,437 | 1,220 |
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