question stringlengths 11 194 | answer_text stringlengths 1 934 | answer_start int64 157 69k | is_impossible bool 1
class | document_id int64 185 2.68k | id int64 226 5.32k | context stringlengths 52 2.22k |
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What is the effect of host immune response to the viral delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination? | Vector-specific antibodies may impede the induction of immune responses to the vaccine-encoded antigens, as they may reduce the dose and time of exposure of the target cells to the vaccinated antigens | 22,150 | false | 1,645 | 875 | Of course, such repeated vaccination may not be practicable in real-world situations. Despite the many advantages which viral vectoring can offer, pre-existing immunity is a major obstacle of many viralvectored vaccines, such as Ad serotype 5 or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), where the rate of seroprevalence to t... |
When is a single sample suggested to be sufficient? | Human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA | 23,122 | false | 1,741 | 4,247 | Human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA 12 to 26 days after symptom onset and are listed as samples that should be considered. In two cases that arrived in the Netherlands, urine was RT-rtPCR negative but faeces was weakly positive and sera were RT-rtPCR positive for five days or more. The findin... |
What public event was linked with the outbreak? | farmers' market | 14,811 | false | 1,583 | 5,206 | A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618839/
SHA: ee1b5a9618dcc4080ed100486cedd0969e80fa4d
Authors: Porten, Klaudia; Rissland, Jürgen; Tigges, Almira; Broll, Susanne; Hopp, Wilfried; Lunemann, Mechthild; van Treeck, Ulrich; ... |
What does the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promote? | growth of pathogenic bacteria that may replace the airway microbiome. | 26,478 | false | 2,504 | 4,004 | The dysregulation of inflammation can be further compounded by modulation of miRNAs and epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation and histone modifications that promote dysregulation in inflammation. Finally, the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promotes growth of pathogenic bacteria that m... |
How many people have come in contact and how many of these are in observation? | 677,243 people have been identified as having had close contact with
infected patients of whom13,701 | 4,931 | false | 188 | 2,465 | To date, 677,243 people have been identified as having had close contact with
infected patients of whom13,701 are under medical observation. Outside China, 44,067
laboratory-confirmed cases and 1,440 deaths have occurred in 117 countries /territories/areas
according to the WHO. COVID-19 poses significant threats to int... |
What viruses were detected? | respiratory viruses in 169/222 (76.1%) samples, mostly rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A virus (21.2%), influenza B virus (12.6%), coronavirus (4.9%) and Human metapneumovirus (3.6%). | 928 | false | 1,623 | 4,037 | We detected respiratory viruses in 169/222 (76.1%) samples, mostly rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A virus (21.2%), influenza B virus (12.6%), coronavirus (4.9%) and Human metapneumovirus (3.6%). Nine swabs (5.3% of positive swabs) revealed co-infections with two viruses identified, among which six concerned co-infection... |
What is the incubation period of MERS? | five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days | 6,208 | false | 1,741 | 4,210 | Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and subsequently spreads to another. Among those with progressive illness, the median time to death is 11 to 13 days, ranging from five to 27 d... |
Can influenza a virus subtype h7n9 be transmit human to human? | some sporadic cases seemed to be a result of human to human transmissions | 2,243 | false | 1,629 | 2,147 | Most patients with A(H7N9) infections had contact with poultry or visited live animal markets. However, some sporadic cases seemed to be a result of human to human transmissions. In contrast to pandemic viruses which fulminantly enter the human population and cause high mortality rates, seasonal influenza viruses gener... |
What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein? | nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2 | 3,278 | false | 1,597 | 5,245 | The polyprotein is cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into four structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2) and eight nonstructural proteins (N pro , p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B). The availability of genetically defined and stable pestivirus BACs facilitates t... |
What percentage of the world has been infected by tuberculosis? | one third of the world's population | 1,940 | false | 1,684 | 891 | Text: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in the developing countries. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and approximately one third of the world's population has been infected by this pathogen. In a recent report, World Health Organization... |
What is theorized regarding transmission? | motherto-child transmission most likely happens transplacentally shortly before delivery | 12,096 | false | 1,689 | 2,524 | Of those mothers who, during the La Reunion Island epidemic, were infected long before delivery, only three fetal deaths were reported. Ramful et al. theorized that motherto-child transmission most likely happens transplacentally shortly before delivery. |
When does the influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island start? | April | 2,971 | false | 1,623 | 4,093 | Influenza activity generally increases during austral winter, corresponding to summer in Europe. Since 2011, influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island starts in April and the vaccine used corresponds to World Health Organization recommendations for the southern hemisphere. Since 1996, clinical and biological inf... |
What happens when a recipient of a vaccine has immune response to the delivery vector? | considering a vector such as Salmonella, if a host has previously been infected there will exist robust B and T memory responses, and as such, when a vaccination is delivered, an anamnestic response to the Salmonella antigens will be induced (while the response to the vectored antigen will be a primary response) | 9,357 | false | 1,645 | 858 | This is the subject of this review. In discussing the possible effects on pre-existing immunity, the natural immunity to the vector needs to be considered. Therefore, considering a vector such as Salmonella, if a host has previously been infected there will exist robust B and T memory responses, and as such, when a vac... |
What were the asymptomatic cases tested as? | as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively. | 7,190 | false | 2,642 | 3,819 | Two cases were asymptomatic and remained so until tested negative. The asymptomatic cases were tested as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively. Of the remaining 29, 20 reported fever, 14 reported cough and eight reported weakness. |
What does the study show? | that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI. | 1,610 | false | 1,623 | 4,041 | In conclusion, this study highlights a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. It shows that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routine... |
At what temperatures was the assay completed? | 32uC, 37uC, 42uC | 9,753 | false | 1,565 | 3,042 | Changes in enthalpy (DH) were determined from the Van't Hoff plots by using the equation,
Where DH is enthalpy change, R is gas constant, DS is entropy change and T is the absolute temperature. The entropy change was obtained from the equation,
The assay was done at different temperatures (32uC, 37uC, 42uC) calculati... |
What is sporulation? | adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time | 1,992 | false | 1,667 | 914 | Text: Sporulation is an adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time, and is an integral part of the transmission of sporulating pathogens and their tolerance and resistance towards antimicrobial compounds. Spo0A is the key regulator for sporulation. Mo... |
What are some risk factors for countries to experience a high prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections? | age, sex, overcrowding, nutritional status, socio-economic status, and where study of ARIs is currently limited | 3,037 | false | 1,568 | 1,601 | Further, in developing areas (both rural and urban), there are increasing risk factors such as human-animal interfaces (due to residential-proximity to livestock). These changing epidemiological patterns have resulted in calls for improved ARI surveillance, especially in places of high transmission risk. Nigeria is one... |
How was the ELISA-array assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | 3,618 | false | 1,553 | 3,013 | In this study, we developed an ELISA-based array for the simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses. Seven specific monoclonal antibodies were prepared against five encephalitis viruses and used to establish an ELISA-array assay. The assay was validated using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with p... |
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | superoxide dismutase | 11,390 | false | 1,560 | 2,140 | reported TOS and TAS values in neonatal calves with diarrhea as 13.47±0.81 μmol H 2 O 2 /L and 0.51±0.02 mmol Trolox-equivalent/L, respectively, and treatment of these calves caused changes in these values of 11.21±0.26 μmol H 2 O 2 /L and 0.55±0.02 mmol Troloxequivalent/L, respectively. Studies also reported that para... |
How do the authors suggest that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to the efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses? | using genetics and pharmacological inhibition of the genes | 34,177 | false | 1,687 | 5,159 | However, rocaglamide interference with the activity of eIF4A within the viral RTC might contribute to its anti-LCMV activity. In this work, we documented the generation of rLCMV/Strep-NP and its use to define the NP-interactome in infected cells. We presented evidence that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to efficient multipl... |
What did, In the last century, outbreaks of viral-related diseases that have emerged or re-emerged, involve? | arenaviruses and dengue viruses | 2,755 | false | 1,660 | 4,455 | Among the conspicuous examples are influenza A, Ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, severe adult respiratory distress (SARS), coronavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus, which challenge prevention and control measures of public health systems. In the Americas, the recent outbreak of pandemic influenza A subtype H1N1 bec... |
What is Tamiflu? | NA inhibitor | 2,733 | false | 1,578 | 4,073 | So far as it is learned that the most effective antiviral drug is the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, which target the NA glycoproteins of influenza A and B virus. The release of new virions from the infected cell is a key step in the influenza life cycle and need neuraminidase (NA) to cleave the α-ketosidic linkage betw... |
What is a different approach for the detection? | monoclonal antibody-based capture ELISA targeting the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein | 13,821 | false | 1,741 | 4,234 | Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA indicates the likely presence of infectious virus. The first rapid immunochromatographic tool described could detect recombinant MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein from DC nasal swabs with 94 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity compared to RT-rtPCR. A different approach used... |
What are the ILI samples wich test negative for influence? | are of unknown etiology | 3,683 | false | 1,623 | 4,098 | Thus ILI samples tested negative for influenza are of unknown etiology. Several biological tools allow identifying respiratory pathogens from nasal swab. In recent years, multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed to identify several viruses simultaneously. |
What is the estimated infection-to-death distribution's mean for coronavirus? | 23.9 days | 37,820 | false | 2,683 | 1,103 | The onset-to-death distribution is also Gamma distributed with a mean of 18.8 days and a
coefficient of va riation 0.45. ifrm is population averaged over the age structure of a given country. The
infection-to-death distribution is therefore given by:
um ~ ifrm ~ (Gamma(5.1,0.86) + Gamma(18.8,0.45))
Figure 6 shows the... |
What is PPE? | Personal Protective Equipment | 6,407 | false | 1,618 | 2,181 | Parked in a closed-off area, a physician in full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) entered the plane, but quickly ruled out Ebola. Irrespective of good or bad overall performance, health systems are tested in times of crisis, such as epidemics. Here, the aim is to describe and analyse the process of establishing prep... |
How many clinical trials are registered? | nine | 12,796 | false | 2,486 | 3,648 | The trials are projected to complete in December 2020 (two studies in Russia ) and December 2021 (in Germany ). Existing literature search did not return any results on completed 2019-nCoV trials at the time of writing. Among 23 trials found from the systematic review (Table 5) , there are nine clinical trials regist... |
What percentage of people infected with SARS-CoV died? | 10% | 1,743 | false | 1,671 | 1,255 | SARS-CoV infected about 8000 people, and resulted in the deaths of approximately 10% of those infected. While MERS-CoV is not as widespread as SARS-CoV, it appears to have an even higher mortality rate, with 35-50% of diagnosed infections resulting in death [3,. These deadly betacoronavirus viruses existed in animal re... |
What is the key regulator to sporulation? | Spo0A | 2,243 | false | 1,667 | 915 | C. difficile 630Δerm Spo0A Regulates Sporulation, but Does Not Contribute to Toxin Production, by Direct High-Affinity Binding to Target DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485338/
SHA: f0fb3bbd96dad4c907c7fd456cd5783ed8fa7bd6
Authors: Rosenbusch, Katharina E.; Bakker, Dennis; Kuijper, Ed J.; Smits, Wi... |
For HCPS, what does that expression favor? | the pulmonary bed and lymphoid organs | 16,823 | false | 1,660 | 4,551 | For HCPS, that expression favors the pulmonary bed and lymphoid organs, yet, for unknown reasons, spares the retroperitoneum and, in general, the kidney. In HFRS the situation is reversed, and yet it is often not appreciated that the expected preferential tissue tropism of HFRS-associated viruses and their HCPS-associa... |
What is directly related to nuclear condensation? | apoptotic chromatin changes | 16,300 | false | 1,607 | 5,282 | As shown in Figure 7 , Hoechst 33342 staining demonstrated that nuclear condensation, which is directly related to apoptotic chromatin changes, emerged in some cells after treatment with Cu(BrHAP) 2. Meanwhile, the permeability of treated cells was also elevated. Mitochondria are the main source for the production of R... |
What has epidemiology and research identified the MERS-CoV's cell receptor is? | as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26) | 4,901 | false | 1,741 | 4,202 | Subsequent epidemiology and research has identified the cell receptor as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26); that MERS-CoV has a broad tropism, replicating better in some cells lines and eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV; is widespread in DCs; has the potential to infect ... |
How many cases had no pre-existing conditions? | five | 7,889 | false | 2,642 | 3,824 | Data on pre-existing conditions were reported for seven cases; five had no pre-existing conditions while one was reported to be obese and one had pre-existing cardiac disease. No data on clinical signs e.g. dyspnea etc. |
What is this network composed of? | 58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs. | 3,240 | false | 1,623 | 4,095 | In 2014, this network was composed of 58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs. Nasal swabs are randomly collected all along the year and are tested by RT-PCR for influenza viruses. Among these surveillance samples, 40 to 50% are tested positive for influ... |
What conditions are caused by Staphylococcus aureus? | mild skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia | 10,739 | false | 1,664 | 5,175 | However, they also have unique properties. Staphylococcus aureus colonizes persistently about 30% of the human population and typical niches include nares, axillae, and skin (Peacock et al., 2001; von Eiff et al., 2001; van Belkum et al., 2009). They cause a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from mild skin inf... |
For what there is evidence for the efficacy of hand washing? | reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, | 4,398 | false | 2,643 | 1,927 | Widespread introduction of alcohol-based hand rubs is also possible in many resource-limited settings, with published protocols for local production. The Sphere Handbook, a collection of rights-based guidelines for humanitarian response, is the foremost authority on minimum standards for humanitarian assistance. Howeve... |
What does the study highlight? | a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. I | 1,501 | false | 1,623 | 4,040 | In conclusion, this study highlights a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. It shows that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routine... |
What bacterial delivery vectors have been tested in animal hosts? | attenuated bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), specifically Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Shigella and Salmonella, have been tested for the targeted delivery of heterologous antigens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin into a variety of animal hosts | 1,614 | false | 1,645 | 802 | Text: In the fields of medicine and veterinary medicine, there are numerous live, attenuated bacterial and viral vaccines in use today worldwide. The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens. Various att... |
What are the high resolution pulmonary CT scan findings for patients with severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | Consolidations within a single lobe or several lobes with a clear border and air bronchogram were the most common findings on HRCT scans. Nodules, patches, pleural effusion, abscess and a cavity were also seen visualized by HRCT | 10,189 | false | 1,604 | 3,250 | Consolidations within a single lobe or several lobes with a clear border and air bronchogram were the most common findings on HRCT scans. Nodules, patches, pleural effusion, abscess and a cavity were also seen visualized by HRCT (Figure 2 ). The mean duration from onset to a single-lobe consolidation on CXRs was 2 days... |
How was ILI defined? | as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc. | 4,410 | false | 1,623 | 4,101 | ILI was defined as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc. Every week, all GPs of the sentinel network were encouraged to collect a nasal swab from the first two patients who presented ILI since less than three da... |
What was the goal of this study? | to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10 | 1,157 | false | 1,631 | 5,294 | Clara cell 10 kDa (CC10) protein is a secretory protein with anti-inflammatory properties in allergic rhinitis and asthma. However, its mechanisms of action and pathogenic roles in other disease are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10. |
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | Fe | 2,569 | false | 1,560 | 2,134 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A. Date: 201... |
What is the reason to adopt low-dose CT? | low-dose chest CT has been
widely used in the screening of early lung cancer. It is well known that many early lung cancers
are ground-glass opacities (GGO), so we believe that low-dose screening is also applicable for
COVID-19. In addition, considering the rapid development of COVID-19, many CT
14
examinations may be... | 24,546 | false | 188 | 2,461 | The reasons why we
adopted the low-dose chest CT scan protocol are as follows: low-dose chest CT has been
widely used in the screening of early lung cancer. |
Why is it highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. | are distributed throughout the genome in a naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs | 1,737 | false | 2,459 | 3,596 | Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV (RaTG13) was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2. However, as we know, the human SARS-CoV and intermediate host palm civet SARSlike CoV shared 99.8% homology, with a total of 2... |
What is the structure of an Echovirus? | nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA | 796 | false | 1,550 | 2,988 | Nearly Complete Genome Sequence of an Echovirus 30 Strain from a Cluster of Aseptic Meningitis Cases in California, September 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6953510/
SHA: f0c4d40e1879dd1a049298f151940ac168b5f5a7
Authors: Pan, Chao-Yang; Huynh, Thalia; Padilla, Tasha; Chen, Alice; Ng, Terry Fei Fan... |
What is the RNA of the 2019-nCOV? | 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids | 7,519 | false | 2,634 | 3,713 | The human SARS-CoV 5 ′ -and 3 ′ -UTR were used as references to adjust the prediction results. The single-stranded RNA genome of the 2019-nCoV was 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids. The G + C content was 38%. |
What does the immune response elicited by these agents lead to? | infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath. | 3,739 | false | 2,504 | 3,870 | These agents elicit an immune response leading to infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath. Among these agents, viral infection is one of the major drivers of asthma exacerbation... |
Why did the T20/N36 complex not show a typical alpha helical conformation? | Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD) | 10,220 | false | 1,656 | 2,263 | Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD), the T20/N36 complex did not show a typical α -helical conformation, in consistence with our previous studies 8, 9. Similar to the α -helicity of C34/N36 complex 3 , the AP1/N36, AP2/N36 and AP3/N36 complexes all formed a saddle-shaped negative peak at 208 nm and 222 nm... |
When is this especially true? | when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection | 15,414 | false | 2,504 | 3,963 | Murray et al. (2006) has underlined the synergistic effect of viral infection with other sensitizing agents in causing more severe acute exacerbations in the airway. This is especially true when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 20... |
What did the comparison of the FPASSA-ANFIS model with several existing models, show? | it showed better performance in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), and computing time. | 1,459 | false | 2,440 | 4,401 | The main idea of the proposed model, called FPASSA-ANFIS, is to improve the performance of ANFIS by determining the parameters of ANFIS using FPASSA. The FPASSA-ANFIS model is evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) official data of the outbreak of the COVID-19 to forecast the confirmed cases of the upcomin... |
What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? | The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), | 2,534 | false | 1,575 | 550 | Especially in developing countries including China, ARTIs, mainly pneumonia, are the leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 years. 1,2 A great variety of pathogens can cause ARTIs, and viruses have been considered as the predominant pathogens in this children population. 3, 4 The most frequently repor... |
How far can pathogenic bacteria spread in a coughed aerosol? | 4 m | 44,513 | false | 1,741 | 4,287 | In comparison, influenza A virus decreased by 95 %. MERS-CoV survival is inferior to that previously demonstrated for SARS-CoV. For context, pathogenic bacteria can remain viable and airborne for 45 min in a coughed aerosol and can spread 4 m. MERS-CoV's ability to remain viable over long time periods gives it the capa... |
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. | 2,291 | false | 630 | 278 | UNAIDS estimates that last year alone, more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. In the most heavilyaffected countries, such as Zimbabwe, HIV-1 is responsible for one third of all deaths among children under the age of five. MTCT of HIV-1 can oc... |
What intestinal factors may reduce the effectiveness of orally-administered immunizations? | gastric acids, pepsin, and trypsin | 3,759 | false | 2,461 | 605 | Besides, oral immunization has several attractive features which include safety, and a straightforward, inexpensive, and needle-free approach. Therefore, oral immunization often delivers large amounts of antigens to prevent the diarrheal diseases. Nevertheless, there are several challenges by oral immunization, which c... |
What was the age profile of mortality in the 1918 swine flu? | age-specific death rates in the
1918 pandemic exhibited a distinct pattern that has not been
documented before or since: a “W—shaped” curve, similar to
the familiar U-shaped curve but with the addition of a third
(middle) distinct peak of deaths in young adults z20410
years of age | 21,925 | false | 2,684 | 1,110 | In contrast, age-specific death rates in the
1918 pandemic exhibited a distinct pattern that has not been
documented before or since: a “W—shaped” curve, similar to
the familiar U-shaped curve but with the addition of a third
(middle) distinct peak of deaths in young adults z20410
years of age. Influenza and pneumonia de... |
How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV? | eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV | 5,044 | false | 1,741 | 4,203 | Subsequent epidemiology and research has identified the cell receptor as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26); that MERS-CoV has a broad tropism, replicating better in some cells lines and eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV; is widespread in DCs; has the potential to infect ... |
What percentage of HIV-infected people go undetected in the United States? | 20% | 2,416 | false | 1,580 | 4,437 | CONCLUSION: The RT-LAMP isothermal amplification method used in conjunction with a chemical heating device provides a portable, rapid and robust NAAT platform that has the potential to facilitate HIV-1 testing in resource-limited settings and POC. Text: HIV-1 diagnostic tests are held to a high standard of performance,... |
How were the first human infections identified? | through a surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown aetiology | 6,720 | false | 2,526 | 2,983 | The first large identifiable superspreading event during the present 2019-nCoV outbreak has apparently taken place on the Diamond Princess cruise liner quarantined off the coast of Yokohama, Japan, with at least 130 passengers tested positive for 2019-nCoV as at 10 February 2020. Identifying which modes are important f... |
What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens? | hey have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases [102, 103] , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases.
| 19,603 | false | 2,486 | 3,668 | For SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract such as sputum and tracheal aspirates have higher and more prolonged levels of viral RNA because of the tropism of the virus. MERS-CoV viral loads are also higher for severe cases and have longer viral shedding compared to mild cases. Altho... |
Why early identification of COVID-19 patients can be difficult? | Early identification of 2019-nCoV infection presents a major challenge | 1,104 | false | 2,466 | 642 | The key point is to discriminate the infectious disease outbreak from regular clustering cases of flu-like diseases at early stage. There is a trade-off between false alarm causing population panic and delayed identification leading to social crisis. Early identification of 2019-nCoV infection presents a major challeng... |
How can countries enhance public health surveillance? | active community surveillance | 13,076 | false | 1,568 | 1,607 | In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from thi... |
Which viruses are part of the Old World complex of Arenaviridae? | Lassa and Lujo viruses | 514 | false | 1,606 | 5,271 | Serological Assays Based on Recombinant Viral Proteins for the Diagnosis of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497043/
SHA: f1d308db379b3c293bcfc8fe251c043fe8842358
Authors: Fukushi, Shuetsu; Tani, Hideki; Yoshikawa, Tomoki; Saijo, Masayuki; Morikawa, Shigeru
Date: 2012-10-12... |
What is dynamitin associated with? | reduced N's accumulation in the Golgi | 14,136 | false | 1,660 | 4,509 | A dominant negative inhibitor, dynamitin, associated with dynein-mediated transport, reduced N's accumulation in the Golgi. Later studies suggested that the specific dependence on microtubular transport is specific to Old World hantaviruses such as HTNV, but that the New World hantavirus ANDV is instead associated with... |
What is the key aim of non-pharmaceutical interventions? | reduce the effective reproduction number | 6,703 | false | 2,683 | 814 | These large-scale non-pharmaceutical interventions vary between countries but include
social distancing (such as banning large gatherings and advising individuals not to socialize outside
their households), border closures, school closures, measures to isolate symptomatic individuals and
their contacts, and large-scale... |
How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken? | 72 h | 19,631 | false | 1,631 | 5,297 | Liver tissues were collected from MHV-3-infected BALB/cJ mice at 72 h, and total RNA was extracted using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen, USA) and then reverse transcribed into cDNA by using ReverTra Ace qPCR RT kit (TOYOBO, Japan). The cDNA was then amplified by RT-PCR by using Dream Taq Green PCR Master Mix (2 ×) (Thermo ... |
What are the most common viruses? | respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) | 2,831 | false | 1,566 | 1,614 | The leading viral agents include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs). In addition, there is a continuously increasing list of new respiratory viruses that contribute significantly to the burden of acute respiratory inf... |
How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus? | 170 million people worldwide | 3,062 | false | 1,564 | 1,626 | Text: Hepatitis C virus (HCV, a member of the Flaviviridae family) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus that preferentially replicates in hepatocytes. At least 170 million people worldwide are persistently infected with hepatitis C virus. Chronic HCV infection is associated with a significant risk of progressio... |
What are some of the other diagnostic methods? | reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), RT-insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) and a one-step rRT-PCR assay based on specific TaqMan probes. | 7,770 | false | 2,486 | 3,634 | It has also suggested that in the early days of illness, patients have high levels of virus despite the mild symptoms. Apart from the commonly used RT-PCR in diagnosing MERS-CoV, four studies identified various diagnostic methods such as reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), RT-insulat... |
How are humans typically infected with Coxiella burnetii? | inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool | 2,913 | false | 1,583 | 5,210 | Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and goats. High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals. Humans frequently acquire infection through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or woo... |
What does immunization with adenovirus induce? | potent cellular and humoral immune responses that are initiated through toll-like receptor-dependent and independent pathways which induce robust pro-inflammatory cytokine responses | 11,409 | false | 1,719 | 1,540 | Subsequently, the rAd5 vaccine-associated risk was confirmed. While these two instances do not suggest Ad-vector vaccines are unsafe or inefficacious, the umbra cast by the clinical trials notes has affected interest for all adenovirus vaccines, but interest still remains. Immunization with adenovirus vectors induces p... |
What is the advantage of Boosted Regression Tree method? | The advantage of BRT is that it applies stochastic processes that include probabilistic components to improve predictive performance. | 26,125 | false | 1,628 | 591 | BRT utilizes regression trees and boosting algorithms to fit several models and combines them for improving prediction by performing iterative loop throughout the model. The advantage of BRT is that it applies stochastic processes that include probabilistic components to improve predictive performance. We used regressi... |
On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed? | on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science). | 5,642 | false | 1,623 | 4,105 | We used Respifinder 1 Smart 22 kits a multiplex RT-PCR (PathoFinder, Maastricht, The Netherlands) which can detect 22 respiratory pathogens. This assay is based on the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technology. The reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed on the epgradien... |
What is Koch's third postulate? | after being fully isolated from the body and repeatedly grown in pure culture, the microbe can induce the disease anew | 15,429 | false | 1,676 | 909 | His postulates can be summarized in three points: (1) The microbe occurs in every case of the disease in question and under circumstances which can account for the pathological changes and clinical course of the disease; (2) the microbe occurs in no other disease as a fortuitous and nonpathogenic parasite; and (3), aft... |
What are miRNAs found to be induced by? | viral infections and may play a role in the modulation of antiviral responses and inflammation | 29,232 | false | 2,504 | 4,011 | The mechanism of the occurrence of secondary cilia dyskinesia can also therefore be explored as a means to limit the effects of viral induced acute exacerbation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional modulation of biological processes, and implicated in a number of diseases (Tan ... |
Where was the first known MERS human-to-human transmission event? | in a healthcare setting in Jordan | 47,604 | false | 1,741 | 4,302 | Some R o calculations may be affected by incomplete case contact tracing, limited community testing and how a case is defined. That MERS has had a constant presence in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012 is due to ongoing, sporadic spill-over events from DCs amplified by poorly controlled hospital outbreaks. The first kno... |
What appears to be a requirement for transmission? | close and lengthy exposure | 912 | false | 1,741 | 4,180 | MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa, causing mild upper respiratory tract illness in its camel reservoir and sporadic, but relatively rare human infections. Precisely how virus transmits to humans remains unknown but close and lengthy exposure appears to be a requirement. The ... |
What was the result of the treatment? | Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (p < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvement and corticosteroid usgae between the 2 groups. | 18,272 | false | 2,486 | 3,664 | The limitation of virus culture and isolation is the long duration and the highly specialized skills required of the technicians to process the samples. All patients recovered. Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± ... |
What were the aims of this study? | to investigate the different pathogens involved in ILI and describe the associated symptoms | 1,012 | false | 1,602 | 5,262 | OBJECTIVES: During the early weeks of the 2009–2010 flu pandemic, a clinical and virological survey was conducted in adult and paediatric patients with ILI referred to two French University hospitals in Paris and Tours. Aims were to investigate the different pathogens involved in ILI and describe the associated symptom... |
What is the incidence of RSV in children older than 3 years of age? | 13% | 10,507 | false | 1,566 | 1,630 | In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen (58.1%), followed by rhinovirus (20.3%) and PIV3 with 8.1% each. The incidence of RSV, however, decreases significantly with increasing age (p-value < 0.0001) dropping to 13% in children older than 3 years old, while the reverse relationship is obse... |
Why are some poxvirus ideally suited as vaccine delivery vectors? | They are ideal candidate vectors due to their large DNA-packing capacity and their thermal and genetic stability | 6,864 | false | 1,645 | 833 | Amongst them, YFV (YF-17D strain) was the first to be licensed for use in humans, where the cDNAs encoding the envelope proteins of YFV were replaced with the corresponding genes of an attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus strain, SA14-14-2 (Appaiahgari & Vrati, 2010; Rollier et al., 2011). Poxviruses are also studied... |
What is the reported value of R0 for MERS? | 0.8-1.3 | 15,455 | false | 2,592 | 2,773 | The transmissibility of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is much lower than SARS. The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries. However, MERS had a high transmissibility in the outbreak in the Rep... |
What is the relationship between the presence of virus in blood and anal swabs and disease severity? | all of the 6 patients with detectable viral RNA in the blood cohort progressed to severe symptom stage, indicating a strong correlation of serum viral RNA with the disease severity (p-value = 0.0001). Meanwhile, 8 of the 11 patients with annal swab virus-positive was in severe clinical stage. | 906 | false | 2,519 | 1,160 | Importantly, all of the 6 patients with detectable viral RNA in the blood cohort progressed to severe symptom stage, indicating a strong correlation of serum viral RNA with the disease severity (p-value = 0.0001). Meanwhile, 8 of the 11 patients with annal swab virus-positive was in severe clinical stage. However, the ... |
What is toltrazuril used to treat? | anticoccidial | 3,094 | false | 1,589 | 595 | Controlled efficacy trial confirming toltrazuril resistance in a field isolate of ovine Eimeria spp. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034276/
SHA: ef000d8cdab3895e2321286f16cce2b8aea458d1
Authors: Odden, Ane; Enemark, Heidi L.; Ruiz, Antonio; Robertson, Lucy J.; Ersdal, Cecilie; Nes, Silje K.; Tømmerberg... |
What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies? | the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957 | 25,486 | false | 1,601 | 5,260 | These cross reactive antibodies have been interpreted as being the residual signature of the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957. Baseline seropositivity rates that we report in children and in younger adults (i.e. 30%-35%) were notably higher than those reported from other part... |
What did the Nature Medicine paper report? | the construction of a chimeric CoV with a bat CoV S gene (SHC014) in the backbone of a SARS CoV that has adapted to infect mice (MA15) and is capable of infecting human cells | 2,585 | false | 2,459 | 3,598 | Another claim in Chinese social media points to a Nature Medicine paper published in 2015 , which reports the construction of a chimeric CoV with a bat CoV S gene (SHC014) in the backbone of a SARS CoV that has adapted to infect mice (MA15) and is capable of infecting human cells. However, this claim lacks any scienti... |
Where did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur? | in Jordan | 422 | false | 1,741 | 4,174 | MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687373/
SHA: f6fcf1a99cbd073c5821d1c4ffa3f2c6daf8ae29
Authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E.
Date: 2015-12-22
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
License: cc-by
Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East ... |
What was time from onset to hospitalisation? | ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days | 6,518 | false | 2,642 | 3,814 | Cases from the Bavarian cluster were reported from Germany and Spain, whereas cases from the Haute-Savoie cluster were reported from France All but two cases were hospitalised (35 of 37 where information on hospitalisation was reported), although it is likely that most were hospitalised to isolate the person rather tha... |
Who performed the sampling procedures? | veterinarians | 2,560 | false | 1,576 | 3,680 | Six human CoVs (HCoVs) are known to cause human diseases. HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 commonly cause mild respiratory illness or asymptomatic infection; however, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and
All sampling procedures were performed by veterinarians, with approval from A... |
What was the fatality rate for SARS-CoV? | 10% | 7,310 | false | 2,463 | 1,211 | Similarly the virus is usually described by the media as 'deadly' and although this is true in the sense that it has caused deaths, the nuances of uncertain case fatality rates in the early stages of an outbreak are not being communicated. The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is signific... |
What diagnostic test has been show to have excellent sensitivity in detecting viral infections? | PCR assays | 16,937 | false | 1,606 | 5,276 | It has been shown that monoclonal antibody panels against pathogenic arenaviruses are useful for detecting viral antigens on the virus-infected cells as well as for investigating of antigenic relationships of arenaviruses. Detection of the virus genome is suitable for a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of VHF patients in ... |
What is carageenan? | a high molecular weight sulfated polymer derived from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) that has been extensively used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and is generally recognized as safe by the FDA | 4,955 | false | 1,629 | 2,157 | Ideally, the substances present in the combination complement each other by different modes of action, leading to a treatment that provides full protection against a broad range of different respiratory viruses as well as different influenza strains with a low probability to induce escape mutations. One approach for a ... |
How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured? | detection of nuclear condensation | 16,150 | false | 1,607 | 5,281 | The fluorescence intensities of DHE oxidization by ROS were quantified using a fluorescence microplate reader. As depicted in Figure 6 , exposure to the Schiff base compound caused a significant elevation in the ROS levels of treated HT-29 cells at the 6.25 g/mL concentration. To investigate the induction of apoptosis ... |
Could the 1918 swine flu virus been controlled by modern day drugs or vaccines? | the 1918 and 1918-like Viruses would be
as sensitive as other typical Virus strains to the Food and
Drug Administrationiapproved antiinfluenza drugs riman-
tadine and oseltamivir. | 27,291 | false | 2,684 | 1,117 | Despite the extraordi-
nary number of global deaths, most influenza cases in
1918 (>95% in most locales in industrialized nations) were
mild and essentially indistinguishable from influenza cases
today. Furthermore, laboratory experiments with recombi-
nant influenza Viruses containing genes from the 1918
Virus suggest th... |
What was the goal of the study? | describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents | 697 | false | 1,634 | 5,307 | Gastroenteritis and respiratory infection outbreaks in French nursing homes from 2007 to 2018: Morbidity and all-cause lethality according to the individual characteristics of residents
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6759171/
SHA: f1d456ea268266ff3c21317c4190e4fcb49b5e4f
Authors: Gaspard, Philippe; Mos... |
What is Bacillus subtilis? | Gram-positive bacterium | 4,284 | false | 2,461 | 606 | Currently, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is widely used as a vaccine delivery system for its unique characteristics. As a nonpathogenic Gram-positive bacterium, B. subtilis has been regarded as a novel probiotic and food additive in humans and animals. The B. subtilis has adjuvant activity and can deliver heterologou... |
What type of test was initially developed to screen for SARS-CoV-2? | reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction | 1,445 | false | 2,463 | 1,205 | Within 4 weeks, by 26 January 2020, the causative organism had been identified as a novel coronavirus, the genome of the virus had been sequenced and published, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests had been developed, the WHO R&D Blueprint had been activated to accelerate diagnostics, therapeutics and ... |
Why it can be concluded that MERS-COV is a novel and distinct virus? | less than 80 % identity between the amino acid sequence of MERS ORF 1ab and betacoronavirus relatives, Tylonycteris bat HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat HKU5 | 12,220 | false | 1,741 | 4,230 | The first open reading frames (ORF 1a and 1b; Fig. 2 ) have become a key diagnostic and taxonomic target for CoV species identification. With less than 80 % identity between the amino acid sequence of MERS ORF 1ab and betacoronavirus relatives, Tylonycteris bat HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat HKU5, it can be concluded that i... |
What chest X-ray findings are typically indicative of community-acquired pneumonia? | the presence of new parenchymal infiltrates | 3,577 | false | 1,599 | 5,254 | It represents the seventh leading cause of death in the USA. CAP prognosis depends on the rapidity of specific treatment, which should ideally be initiated within four hours and no later than eight hours after diagnosis. CAP diagnosis is based on the clustering of non-specific pulmonary and general symptoms , an incre... |
What may the epithelial destruction cause? | may also promote further epithelial remodeling during its regeneration as viral infection induces the expression of remodeling genes such as MMPs and growth factors . Infections that cause massive destruction of the epithelium, such as IFV, usually result in severe acute exacerbations with non-classical symptoms of chr... | 21,116 | false | 2,504 | 3,985 | Epithelial destruction may also promote further epithelial remodeling during its regeneration as viral infection induces the expression of remodeling genes such as MMPs and growth factors. Infections that cause massive destruction of the epithelium, such as IFV, usually result in severe acute exacerbations with non-cla... |
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